News Roundup Archive

Thursday, February 27, 2014

USIP's PeaceTech News Roundup

 

United States Institute of Peace

 

PeaceTech Roundup
Weekly News Highlights, February 20 - 26, 2014

 

Peace Channel

Featured Story:
Cut Short
by Michel Gabaudan, Don Kraus, Peter Yeo

 

Media and Social Media

Technology and Science


Media and Social Media

Politics, and Media, Go Local in Pakistan
The unprecedented appetite for local governance is reflected in -- or perhaps sparked by -- new regional-language media outlets accessible throughout the country. Media liberalization in 2002 led to the rapid growth of Pakistan's broadcast media sector, and the country currently boasts 90 privately-owned television channels and up to 200 FM radio stations. Many of these outlets broadcast in regional languages such as Sindhi, Punjabi, Saraiki, and Balochi rather than in Urdu, the national language, and aim to appeal to the ethno-linguistic communities that reside within Pakistan's different provinces.
See the full article (Foreign Policy, Huma Yusuf, 2/26/14)
Click to read "Youth Radicalization in Pakistan" an Olive Branch Post by Raheem ul Haque.
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A Letter To My American Sisters
When the first female television announcer appeared on Afghanistan's national network shortly after the Taliban regime fell in 2001, it created a sensation. But today, all you need to do is take a look at the Afghan media to understand the powerful presence of Afghan women, from female news anchors to hosts for a popular entertainment show. It's no longer taboo for a woman to read the news, talk about women's rights on a national program, or highlight the many issues facing them.
See the full article (Foreign Policy, Fawzia Koofi, 2/26/14)
Click to read about USIP's upcoming event "Resilience on the Front Line: Remarks from the 2014 International Women of Courage Awardees" on March, 5, 2014 at 11:00am.
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HK Editor at Center of Protests Stabbed
A former newspaper editor whose abrupt dismissal in January sparked protests over press freedom in Hong Kong was stabbed near his office Wednesday morning, according to police. Kevin Lau, former editor of the Ming Pao newspaper, is in critical condition, according to a government spokesman. The attack came days after a Sunday rally drew thousands who demanded that Hong Kong's leaders uphold media freedoms.
See the full article (Al Jazeera America, 2/26/14)
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Al Shabaab's Governor- One Man and His iPad
On a hot dry Saturday afternoon, as I waited for clearance to visit an al-Shabab area in Bulo Mareer in Somalia, my phone rang. It was a contact saying there was a gathering I would want to attend. And so I did. Sitting under the shade of mango trees were clan elders and the who's who of al-Shabab, the hardline rebel group fighting Somalia's UN-backed government. As soon as I walked into the gathering I spotted something unexpected - a gleaming new iPad.
See the full article (Al Jazeera, Hamza Mohamed, 2/26/14)
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Afghan Notebook: Gold Chairs and Vodka
Social media is becoming a battleground in the presidential election campaign, with popular sites not just discussing the candidates but also poking fun at them. Many of the front runners have found themselves the butt of online jokes, and some have suggested that campaign teams specifically target rivals to undermine their reputation.
See the full article (BBC, 2/25/14)
Click to read "Compounding Uncertainty in Afghanistan" an Peace Brief by William A. Byrd, Casey Garret Johnson, Sanaullah Tasal.
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Sri Lanka Denounces Push to Open War Inquiry
Sri Lanka's government on Tuesday forcefully rejected a call for an international war crimes investigation into the country's bloody civil war, adding to tensions with the United Nations' human rights body. Officials also rejected claims that the government had curtailed press freedoms, pointing to the "spread of social media networks and online news outlets." Sri Lanka has hired a Chinese company to block access to many online news outlets.
See the full article (New York Times, Gardiner Harris and Dharisha Bastians, 2/25/14)*NYT subscription may be required to access full story
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Russia Evokes World War Two in Media Blitz on Ukraine
"Which side were you on in World War Two?" is not a question that often arises on radio talk shows but a Russian caller named Alexander was asked precisely that at least three times on Tuesday when he expressed support for Ukraine's new rulers. In a sign the Kremlin is shaken by losing a struggle for influence with the West in its neighbour, the language has been set against the us-or-them background of the Soviet victory against Adolf Hitler - a source of national pride.
See the full article (Reuters, Elizabeth Piper, 2/25/14)
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American Fits Over Putin
It is plainly obvious that the Western and especially the American mass media never aspired to give objective coverage to events unfolding in Russia after the fall of the USSR, and what's more, never aspired to give an unbiased account of the motives of Russia's domestic and foreign policy. It is no coincidence that both before and after the openings of the games, the main themes one could read in the US media were not sports events or athletes, but rather the impending horror of potential terrorist attacks on both Sochi and all of Russia.
See the full article (RT, Andranik Migranyan, 2/24/14)
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Hong Kong Protesters March to Demand Media Freedom
Protesters have rallied in Hong Kong to demand that the city government halt a perceived erosion of media freedom. Journalists claim mainland China is increasingly seeking to influence editorial decisions. "A journalist's duty is to report, not to protest but our consciences compel us to raise the alarm," said Hong Kong Journalists Association Chairperson Sham Yee-lan. "Those in power are attacking the media and their ultimate aim is to create a population kept in ignorance and blind loyalty."
See the full article (Deutsche Welle, 2/23/14)
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Venezuela Battles Media, Social and Otherwise, to Restrict Protest Coverage
Tensions escalated further in Venezuela on Friday as street protests that began nine days ago continued and the government persisted in clamping down on coverage of the unrest in the broadcast media and online. The move came after President Nicolás Maduro slammed CNN on Thursday for broadcasting what he called "war propaganda," and said that if the network didn't change its reporting he would shut down the channels.
See the full article (New York Times, Natalie Kitroeff, 2/21/14)*NYT subscription may be required to access full story
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Tweeting the Revolution: Social Media Use and the #Euromaidan Protests
At the Social Media and Political Participation lab at NYU we have been closely following social media activity related to the protests since they began in November, collecting Twitter and Facebook data related to key protest hashtags. Our findings suggest that social media, as it has throughout these protests, continues to be a pivotal organization tool for those in Kiev and also the most relevant mechanism for disseminating and exchanging information both within Ukraine and abroad.
See the full article (Huffington Post, Pablo Barbera and Megan Metzger, 2/21/14)
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A Leap forward for Iranian Journalism Nipped in The Bud
In the inaugural issue of Aseman, a centrist daily newspaper launched one week ago, the editors wondered at the political change that allowed such a newspaper to operate in Iran's thorny media landscape. "A year ago, no one would have thought it possible for us to become newspaper journalists, and behold," they wrote. Now, as Aseman's publisher Abbas Bozorgmehr spends the 20-21 February Iranian weekend in Evin prison following a revocation of the newspaper's license, that transformation seems more toothless than its readers had imagined.
See the full article (Guardian, 2/21/14)
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Video and Social Media Updates From Kiev
Live video posted on YouTube by a local Internet channel, Espreso.tv, and the American-financed Radio Svoboda, continue to stream the violence in Kiev's Independence Square as it unfolds in real time. Meanwhile, images and video clips posted on social networks by reporters, activists and even Ukraine's Interior Ministry relay the ground-level views of the deadly clashes.
See the full article (New York Times, Robert Mackey, 2/20/14)*NYT subscription may be required to access full story
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Venezuela Threatens to Expel CNN Over Protest Coverage
Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro has threatened to expel the US news network CNN from the country over its reporting of recent protests there. Mr Maduro said he would take action if CNN did not "rectify its coverage". On national television, President Maduro accused his opponents of promoting violence.
See the full article (BBC, 2/20/14)
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New Facebook Project Imitates Virtual Iranian Prison
A new Facebook project and art installation aim to bring attention to Iran's jailed dissidents by letting users experience life behind bars through social media. Unlock Iran. The project hopes to bring attention to the more than 800 "prisoners of rights" in Iran's jails, and put Iran's dismal human-rights record front and center during Tehran's nuclear negotiations and ahead of next month's UN Human Rights Council.
See the full article (Daily Beast, Nina Strochlic, 2/20/14)
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The Day We Pretended to Care About Ukraine
The Kyiv protests were also starting to look like clickbait. By the end of the day on Wednesday, Business Insider, Talking Points Memo, Buzzfeed and Mashable had all published their own listicle versions of what Huffington Post called "Ukraine Crisis: 12 Apocalyptic Pictures After Nation's Deadliest Day." High in resolution, low on explanation, the articles painted Ukraine's carnage by numbers.
See the full article (Politico, Sarah Kendzior, 2/20/14)
Click to read "Ukraine's Opposition Strength May Reinforce Agreement, USIP's Taylor Says" an Olive Branch Post by Viola Gienger.
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Featured Story from Foreign Policy's Peace Channel

Cut Short by Michel Gabaudan, Don Kraus, Peter Yeo
Changes in peacekeeping strategy -- along with a ramped up diplomatic effort -- offer the best chance for stability in DRC in a generation. And they represent U.N. reform in the truest sense: a completely new way of operating. Yet at the very moment when reforms like these are giving hope to vulnerable people, a different kind of threat to peace in places like the DRC has emerged: Washington's ongoing funding battles.
See the full article

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Technology and Science

Egyptian 'Miracle Cure for HIV' Met With Scepticism
The Egyptian military has developed a device capable of both detecting and curing HIV/AIDS and Hepatitis C, according to the country's government. The device, which apparently detects the viruses through analysing electromagnetic waves, resembles a handheld box with a large antenna protruding from it and is said to be adapted from bomb detection technology also developed by the Egyptian military.
See the full article (France24, 2/26/14)
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Israel's Big Gusher
In 2009, Tadmor and Noble hit upon their first "gusher," the Tamar reservoir (9 tcf), 56 miles off Israeli's coast. Tadmor and his partners control almost all the gas, but there is no doubt that the new energy industry will revolutionize Israel's economy, as well as provide the country with greater strategic and political clout. But the new discoveries have also opened up a Pandora's box of thorny social, financial, security, and foreign policy concerns.
See the full article (Slate, Martin Fletcher, 2/26/14)
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Google Ordered to Remove Anti-Islamic Film from YouTube
A U.S. appeals court on Wednesday ordered Google Inc to remove from its YouTube video-sharing website an anti-Islamic film that had sparked protests across the Muslim world. By a 2-1 vote, a panel of the 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals rejected Google's assertion that the removal of the film "Innocence of Muslims" amounted to a prior restraint of speech that violated the U.S. Constitution.
See the full article (Reuters, Jonathan Stempel and Dan Levine, 2/26/14)
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While Turkey's Government Cries Coup, Tech Startups Keep Coding
Entrepreneurs from some of the world's most crisis-stricken countries convened in Turkey last week. They were there to put Middle Eastern politics aside to connect with like-minded technology enthusiasts and hopefully raise some cash to get their passion projects off the ground.Attendees hailed from more than 30 countries including Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia and Ukraine.
See the full article (Bloomberg, Benjamin Harvey, 2/26/14)
Click to read about USIP's upcoming event "Getting Beyond 2014 in Afghanistan" on February, 28, 2014 at 9:00am.
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Pakistan Draws Up Tough Anti-Taliban Strategy
Pakistan has moved closer to agreeing its first "counter-terrorism" policy, which the government says bolsters its plans to keep pounding the headquarters of Taliban fighters. "We are establishing a rapid response force, which will be fully equipped with helicopters and latest technology to carry out counter terrorism operations," Khan added.
See the full article (Al Jazeera, 2/26/14)
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Nigeria to Host Policy Dialogue on Science, Technology and Innovation
Nigeria's capital city of Abuja will next month host a high level policy dialogue on the theme "Science, Technology, and Innovation and the African Transformation Agenda", organised by the United Nations' Economic Commission for Africa in collaboration with the Nigerian government. Jonathan said the meeting will be attended by policymakers and experts from across Africa in the areas of science, technology and innovation, who will discuss and deepen understanding on how technology and innovations can be applied to accelerate the African transformation agenda, improve the lives of Africans and enhance the competitiveness of Africa's economies.
See the full article (Humanipo, Paul Adepoju, 2/26/14)
Click to read "What's Behind Latest Nigeria Attacks by Boko Haram?" an Olive Branch Post by Liz Harper.
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How Technology Will Topple the World's Biggest Drug Cartel
An upgrade of the information technology systems running the nation's financial intelligence wing -- set to finish this year -- should bolster efforts to dismantle the Sinaloa cartel, now that authorities have captured the enterprise's leader, former top U.S. officials say.
See the full article (NextGov, Aliya Sternstein, 2/25/14)
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Syrian Web Censorship Techniques Revealed
Back in October 2011, a group of hackers and net activists called Telecomix leaked the logs showing exactly how Syrian authorities were monitoring and filtering internet traffic within the country. The logs comprised of 600 GB of data representing 750 million requests on the web and showing exactly which requests were allowed and which were denied. Today, Abdelberi Chaabane at Inria in France and a few pals, publish the first detailed analysis of this data, revealing exactly how the traffic was filtered, which IP addresses and websites were blocked and which keywords were targeted for filtering.
See the full article (MIT Technology Review, 2/25/14)
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US May Consider Future Arms Sales to Burma
The United States plans to expand its defense ties with Burma and would consider resuming arms sales if the country's human rights record greatly improves, a senior US State Department official has told IHS Jane's, a UK publication that specializes in military and defense industry issues.
See the full article (Irrawaddy, Lin Thant and Paul Vrieze, 2/24/14)
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Amidst Unrest And Violence, Ukraine's Social Entrepreneurs Chart A Better World
Created by indie developers Mikhail Stepanskiy and Ruslan Kosarevych, Son of the Sun and Wizard Lizard is an interactive story that teaches children that people can change, and that compassion and forgiveness can help make the world a better place.
See the full article (Forbes, Tom Watson, 2/21/14)
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South Korea to Develop Stuxnet-Like Cyberweapons
South Korea is to develop cyber-attack tools in an attempt to damage North Korean nuclear facilities. The country's defence ministry wants to develop weapons similar to Stuxnet, the software designed to attack Iranian nuclear enrichment plants. The first part of South Korea's plan, which is continuing, is to conduct online propaganda operations by posting to North Korean social networking and social media services.
See the full article (BBC, 2/21/14)
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Monday, February 24, 2014

PeaceTech News Roundup

 

United States Institute of Peace

 

PeaceTech Roundup
Weekly News Highlights, February 13 - 19, 2014

 

Peace Channel

Featured Story:
Cheap and Dirty Bombs
by William C Potter and Jeffrey Lewis

 

Media and Social Media

Technology and Science


Media and Social Media

The Hashtag War In Brazil
The massive protests that took the streets of Brazil last June were sparked by a raise in bus fares, but soon other issues -- such as the high investments in the World Cup -- were included in the outraged signs carried by protesters. Heated debates followed in Brazil's vibrant social media -- Brazil has over 65 million Facebook users - with both sides accusing the other of authoritarianism.
See the full article (Huffington Post, Natalia Viana, 2/19/14)
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Made in Ukraine
Presently, Ukraine may find its most viable freedom myth within its own ranks. With social media and news outlets under attack for recycling identical reports and making developments difficult to gauge, pamphlets - flashbacks to tried-and-true Soviet-era samizdat (self-publishing) - are again relevant for disseminating authentic voices. So far, the country's far-right opposition party Svoboda has led this retro vanguard. Yet recently, as journalists and activists Mykola Tukolo and Tetyana Movchan tell Kiev's Hromadske radio, alternatives have emerged.
See the full article (Al Jazeera America, Yuliya Komska, 2/19/14)
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Media Muzzle: Egypt's Propaganda Drive
When Egypt's prosecutor general last month charged 16 Egyptian and four foreign Al Jazeera journalists with broadcasting false news and colluding with a terrorist group, Rena Netjes thought she had nothing to fear. The government and its supporters have gone beyond the Al Jazeera network and accused most of Egypt's foreign media of portraying the situation inside the country in a negative light, when they say they are on a path to democracy.
See the full article (Deutsche Welle, Kristen McTighe, 2/19/14)
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Afghan Ethnic Tensions Rise in Media and Politics
It started with a heat-of-the-moment comment on a partisan television talk show, drawing an ethnic line that was bold even by Afghan standards. "Pashtuns are the rulers and owners of Afghanistan; they are the real inhabitants of Afghanistan," said Gen. Abdul Wahid Taqat, a former intelligence official. "Afghanistan means 'where Pashtuns live.' " The words ignited protests in Kabul in December. Social media erupted.
See the full article (New York Times, Azam Ahmed and Habib Zahori, 2/18/14)*NYT subscription may be required to access full story
Click to read about USIP's upcoming event "Getting Beyond 2014 in Afghanistan" on February, 28, 2014 at 9:00am.
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Can Cartoons Explain the Horror of North Korea to the Chinese?
The illustrations appeared late at night on the U.N.'s Weibo social-media account in China. Despite their cartoonish renderings, the drawings depicted the horrifying abuse used by a communist Asian regime to tame its populace. The drawings, which were based on the recollections of an escaped political prisoner, described life in North Korea's vast network of gulags.
See the full article (Time, Hannah Beech, 2/18/14)
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'The YouTube War': Citizen Videos Revolutionize Human Rights Monitoring in Syria
Fueled by the proliferation of Internet connectivity and mobile technology, the media landscape today has shifted dramatically again, having serious implications for human rights monitoring. Information is distributed less through official media outlets, such as TV broadcasts and newspapers, and more through online social networks in real-time, thus-more than ever-putting reporting on human rights abuses beyond the control of governments.
See the full article (PBS, Christoph Koettl, 2/18/14)
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Web Warriors Cause Big Bother for Big Brother
While working for the Wall Street Journal, Emily Parker met bloggers who fought for freedom - and was amazed by their courage. She has written a book based on her experiences of nearly a decade covering these netizens in Beijing, Havana and Moscow.
See the full article (BBC, Tara McKelvey, 2/18/14)
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Syria's Jihadist Twitter Wars
Jihadists on both sides of the aisle have taken to Twitter to savage the opposite faction for promoting fitna, or strife, within the ranks of the mujahideen. But beyond the rank and file, some important personalities have used Twitter to voice their displeasure. The most fascinating Twitter flamer has gone by the name @wikibaghdady. While his real name isn't known, wikibaghdady is thought to be a senior leader in the ISIS, and possibly a disenchanted member of the group's shura, or executive council, U.S. intelligence officials have told The Daily Beast.
See the full article (Daily Beast, Bill Roggio, 2/16/14)
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Photo from Djibouti wins World Press Photo Award
US photojournalist John Stanmeyer has won first prize in the 2014 World Press Photo awards for his image of African migrants near Djibouti city. The moonlit image shows men trying to get a phone signal from nearby Somalia. Panel member Jillian Edelstein said the photo raised issues of technology, globalisation, migration, poverty, desperation, alienation and humanity.
See the full article (BBC, 2/14/14)
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How Social Media Spreads Protest Tactics from Ukraine to Egypt
In the absence of protest workshops and 'how-to' manuals, video footage captured on mobile phones in Kiev (and elsewhere) and uploaded to social media sites now serves as a repository for protest tactics, to be studied and adapted by anti-coup protesters thousands of miles away in Cairo. Social media facilitates the diffusion of these new tactics, allowing protesters in Cairo to follow the activities of their comrades in the governorates and vice versa.
See the full article (Washington Post, Neil Ketchley, 2/14/14)
Click to read about USIP's upcoming event "Twitter Evolutions: The Changing Role of Social Media in War and Protest" on February, 24, 2014 at 9:00am.
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Venezuela's Political Crisis Hits the Streets
Venezuela's students, along with its opposition leaders, took to the streets on Feb. 12 to demand changes from the country's leadership. The local media has largely ignored the story. Most TV and radio channels are either owned by the government or subject to self-censorship. Reporters claiming to be from some of these outlets even have anonymous Twitter accounts that enable them to skirt corporate guidelines on what can be reported.
See the full article (Foreign Policy, Juan Nagel, 2/13/14)
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Ambassador Power is 'Unleashed' on Twitter
Samantha Power was silenced for years while working as a special assistant to the president. As US ambassador to the United Nations, though, she is letting loose. Yet diplomats play a public role. On social media she seems like herself again. She is described on Twitter as an ambassador and a "human rights defender". She has been tweeting since August, shortly after she became ambassador, and has more than 51,000 followers.
See the full article (BBC, Tara McKelvey, 2/13/14)
Click to read about USIP's upcoming event "Symposium on Language, Peace, and Security" on February, 21, 2014 at 1:00pm.
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Featured Story from Foreign Policy's Peace Channel

Cheap and Dirty Bombs by William C Potter and Jeffrey Lewis
During North Korea's July 2013 "Victory Day" parade, spectators were treated to a curious sight: a truckload of soldiers, each strapped into a chest pack festooned with the black and yellow radiation symbol. The parade images and oil paintings suggest commando-delivered nuclear-related devices of some sort -- an understanding consistent with North Korean defectors, who have suggested that the country might possess "backpack" nuclear devices.
See the full article

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Technology and Science

Lie Detector on the Way to Test Social Media Rumors
A lie detector for social media is being built to try to verify online rumours. "There was a suggestion after the 2011 riots that social networks should have been shut down, to prevent the rioters using them to organise," said Dr Kalina Bontcheva, lead researcher on the project at the University of Sheffield. "But social networks also provide useful information. The problem is that it all happens so fast and we can't quickly sort truth from lies."
See the full article (BBC, 2/19/14)
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Can Twitter Predict Major Events Such As Mass Protests?
Social media sites such as Twitter can predict the future has a controversial history. In the last few years, various groups have claimed to be able to predict everything from the outcome of elections to the box office takings for new movies. Today, Nathan Kallus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge says he has developed a way to predict crowd behaviour using statements made on Twitter.
See the full article (MIT Technology Review, 2/18/14)
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Breakfast Before the MOOC
Beginning March 2, Prof. Hossam Haick, will teach the first ever massive open online course, or MOOC, on nanotechnology in Arabic. For me, though, Haick's MOOC is also a reminder of what an utter waste of money and human talent has been the Arab-Israeli conflict. Look how eager all these young Arabs and Persians are for the tools and resources to realize their full potential, wherever they can find that learning.
See the full article (New York Times, Thomas L. Friedman, 2/18/14)*NYT subscription may be required to access full story
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How America's Soldiers Fight for the Spectrum on the Battlefield
An electromagnetic mystery in northern Iraq changed the course of Jesse Potter's life. It is well known that America's military dominates both the air and the sea. What's less celebrated is that the US has also dominated the spectrum, a feat that is just as critical to the success of operations. Communications, navigation, battlefield logistics, precision munitions-all of these depend on complete and unfettered access to the spectrum, territory that must be vigilantly defended from enemy combatants.
See the full article (Wired, Brendan Koerner, 2/18/14)
Click to read "How will the Taliban Respond to Afghanistan's Elections?" an Olive Branch Post by Thomas Omestad.
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Apple Plans to Cease Using Conflict Minerals
Apple plans to cease using conflict minerals, the company has announced in its annual supplier responsibility report. As of the end of January, Apple's entire supply of tantalum, a rare metal used extensively in the production of capacitors, is provided by smelters verified as conflict-free. The move was announced in Apple's supplier responsibility report, the eighth edition of which was published on Thursday.
See the full article (Guardian, Alex Hern, 2/14/14)
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Is Cyberwar Real?
Cyberwar, in fact, is part of the evolution of conventional warfare, which itself is linked to broader social and political change. It is no longer easy to imagine a confrontation that does not include some element of cyber-activity, such as surveillance or sabotage. Asking whether cyberwar is real, then, is less important than concentrating on how to contain the threats posed by some uses of computer technology.
See the full article (Foreign Affairs, Jarno Limnéll and Thomas Rid, 2/14)
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Nazis 'Researched Use of Mosquitoes for War' at Dachau
German scientists at Dachau concentration camp researched the possible use of malaria-infected mosquitoes as weapons during World War Two, a researcher has claimed. He speculates that such insects could have been dropped over enemy territory and scientists were investigating the possible use of malaria - transmitted via mosquitoes - as a biological weapon.
See the full article (BBC, 2/14/14)
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Climate Change is Here Now and It Could Lead to Global Conflict
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change last September pointed to a changing pattern of extreme weather since 1950, with more heatwaves and downpours in many parts of the world, as the Earth has warmed by about 0.7C. The shift to such a world could cause mass migrations of hundreds of millions of people away from the worst-affected areas. That would lead to conflict and war, not peace and prosperity.
See the full article (Guardian, Nicholas Stern, 2/13/14)
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In the Middle East, Arabic Wikipedia Is a Flashpoint - And a Beacon
Arabic Wikipedia has evolved enormously since that 2007 incident. Far more than a translation of its English counterpart, the site has 690,000 registered users who've authored more than 240,000 articles. Many of the articles reflect a Middle Eastern worldview entirely different from the Western one, and their writers navigate acute religious and political sensitivities. Arabic Wikipedia has been blocked twice in Saudi Arabia and three times in Syria, but not in Jordan or Egypt.
See the full article (Wired, Alice Su, 2/12/14)
Click to read "Libya's New Plan for a Constitution: Can It Overcome the Chaos?" an Olive Branch Post by Darine El-Hage.
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